Difficulty in Writing Certified Public Accountant (CPA) Exam
In the accounting industry, any aspiring accountant who wants to sit for the CPA Exam must have significant post-secondary education. For most test managers, a bachelor's degree from an accredited institution used to be enough.
However, today's developments in accounting technology and new compliance laws mean that in addition to 30 hours of graduate education, the AICPA has changed the educational requirement to include 120 semester hours in a bachelor's degree accounting program. In most US nations, these standards are implemented. As a result, a master's degree in the field or a similar industry is required for most aspiring accountants wanting to take this exam.
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What is the duration, language, and format of the Certified Public Accountant (CPA) Exam
- Format: Multiple choice, Task-based, communication tasks
- Language of Exam: English
- Duration of Exam: 16 hours of total
- Passing score: 75 for each section
Topics of Certified Public Accountant (CPA) Exam
The CPA Exam test consists of four, four-hour sections. You must clear all four sections within 18 months with a minimum score of 75 on each part. The core topics for each of the four sections are listed below. These contents are likely to be used for the examination. However, on any particular delivery of the test, other similar topics could also appear.
It is recommended that, where possible, the applicant uses these contents and/or other resources to provide background information on the exam objectives. The syllabus for the Certified Public Accountant (CPA) Exam is listed below with detail of each section and their topics:
1. Auditing and Attestation (AUD)
Objectives covered by this section:
Developing a Planned Response & Assessing Risk (20 to 30%)
- Entity's internal control
- Planning an engagement
- Debtor-creditor relationships
- Assessing and identifying the risk of material misstatement
- Specific areas of engagement risk
- Materiality
Professional Responsibilities, Ethics & General Principles (15 to 25%)
- A firm's system of quality control
- Nature and scope
- Ethics and professional conduct
- Communication with component auditors
- Communication with management
- Engagement documentation
Obtaining Evidence & Performing Further Procedures (30 to 40%)
- Internal control deficiencies and misstatements
- Sampling techniques
- Acquisition and disposition of assets
- Written representation
- Performing specific procedures to get evidence
- Subsequent events
Reporting and Forming Conclusions (15 to 25%)
- Reports on attestation engagements
- Review service engagements
- Reports on auditing engagements
- Reporting on compliance
- Other reporting considerations
2. Regulation (REG)
Objectives covered by this section:
Federal Tax Procedures, Professional Responsibilities, and Ethics (10 to 20%)
- Federal tax procedures
- Responsibilities in tax practice
- Licensing and disciplinary systems
- Legal duties
Business Law (10 to 20%)
- Debtor-creditor relationships
- Government regulation of business
- Agency
- Contracts
- Business structure
Federal Taxation of Property Transactions (12 to 22%)
- Estate and gift taxation
- Determination of taxable estate
- Gift tax annual exclusion
- Gift tax deductions
- Cost recovery
- Acquisition and disposition of assets
Federal Taxation of Individuals (15 to 25%)
- Filing status
- Passive activity losses
- Alternative Minimum Tax
- Computation of tax and credits
- Computation of tax and credits
- Reporting items from pass-through entities
- Gross income
Federal Taxation of Entities (28 to 38%)
- Partnerships
- Limited liability companies
- Liquidation of business entities & tax treatment of formation
- S corporations
- Trusts and estates
- C corporations
- Tax-exempt organizations
3. Financial Accounting and Reporting (FAR)
Objectives covered by this section:
Standard-Setting, Conceptual Framework, and Financial Reporting (25 to 35%)
- Standard setting for non-business entities
- Public company reporting topics
- Standard setting and conceptual framework for nonbusiness entities
- General-purpose financial statements
- Conceptual framework
- Special purpose framework
Select Financial Statement Accounts (30 to 40%)
- Cash and cash equivalents
- Property, plant, and equipment
- Intangible assets
- Inventory
- Income taxes
- Compensation benefits
- Investments
- Long-term debt
Select Transactions (20 to 30%)
- Accounting changes and error corrections
- Fair value measurements
- Leases
- Software costs
- Differences between IFRS and U.S. GAAP
- Research and development costs
- Contingencies and commitments
- Business combinations
- Derivatives and hedge accounting
- Nonreciprocal transfers
- Subsequent events
- Foreign currency transaction and translation
State and Local Governments (5 to 15%)
- Government-wide financial statements
- Specific types of transactions and events: calculation, measurement, presentation in a governmental entity, and valuation
- Comprehensive Annual Financial Report (CAFR)
- State and local government concepts
4. Business Environment and Concepts (BEC)
Objectives covered by this section:
Corporate Governance (17 to 27%)
- ERM (Enterprise Risk Management) frameworks
- Regulatory frameworks and provisions
- Internal control frameworks
Economic Concepts and Analysis (17 to 27%)
- Financial risk management
- Economic business cycles
- Market influences on business
Financial Management (11 to 21%)
- Capital structure
- Working capital
- Financial valuation methods
Information Technology (15 to 25%)
- Systems development of maintenance
- Role of information technology business
- Information security/availability
- IT governance
- Processing integrity
Operations Management (15 to 25%)
- Cost accounting
- Process management
- Planning techniques
- Performance management
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CPA AA Exam Syllabus Topics:
| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Topic 1: Review and Reporting | - Going concern evaluation - Audit finalisation and auditor's report - Subsequent events - Written representations |
| Topic 2: Internal Control | - Evaluation of control systems - Internal audit role - Tests of control - Internal control systems |
| Topic 3: Audit Framework and Regulation | - Corporate governance - Professional ethics - Concept of audit and other assurance engagements - External audit and regulatory environment |
| Topic 4: Employability and Technology Skills | - Presentation of information and responses - Use of computer technology in the exam and workplace |
| Topic 5: Audit Evidence | - Work of others (experts, internal auditors) - Financial statement assertions and audit evidence - Audit of specific items - Audit procedures and sampling |
| Topic 6: Planning and Risk Assessment | - Assessing audit risks - Understanding the entity and its environment - Audit planning and documentation - Obtaining and accepting audit engagements |



